What Does Sumela Mean? The History Behind the Monastery’s Name
The name Sumela originates from the Greek phrase “Panagia Sou Melas,” meaning “The Virgin of the Black Mountain.” This sacred title not only highlights the monastery’s spiritual significance but also its connection to the dramatic Black Mountain landscape, known as “Oros Melas” in Greek.
The evolution of the name reflects linguistic transformations over time. The Greek term “stou mela”, meaning “in the black (mountains),” gradually became “sou mela” and later transformed into “Sumela” in modern Turkish. The word “Panagia,” a title for the Virgin Mary in Orthodox Christianity, symbolizes her revered role as the “Mother of God.” Paired with the reference to the Black Mountains, the name defines the monastery as a sacred place of devotion to Mary.
Understanding the origin of Sumela’s name unveils its deep connection to faith, language, and geography, intertwining centuries of religious and cultural history.
How Sumela Monastery Was Built: Construction Phases Explained
Sumela Monastery, perched on the steep cliffs of the Black Mountains, was not constructed all at once. Over its 1600-year history, it evolved through various additions and restorations, reflecting the architectural and artistic styles of different eras. Here are the key phases of its construction:
- Initial Phase (A.D. 386 – 1360):
The first structures were simple monk cells and a cave temple built into the natural rock. Frescoes from this period are characterized by flat designs with minimal depth or shading, showcasing early Byzantine artistry. - Komnenos Era (A.D. 1360):
Under Emperor Alexios III, the monastery underwent significant expansion. Key features, such as the main church, elaborate frescoes, and structural additions, were developed, giving the monastery its foundational appearance. - Ottoman Era (18th and 19th Centuries):
During this period, Sumela Monastery was preserved and enhanced. Ottoman rulers added aqueducts, restored frescoes, and constructed additional sections, ensuring the site’s continuity as a place of worship and pilgrimage. - Final Phase (1914 – 1923):
In its last active years, the monastery saw the completion of frescoes and minor structural updates. However, following its abandonment in 1923, the site faced neglect and eventual damage from both natural and human factors.
Through centuries of adaptation and enhancement, Sumela Monastery stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of faith, architecture, and artistry.
Legends and Spiritual Life at Sumela
Sumela Monastery is not only a marvel of architecture but also a place deeply rooted in mystical tales and spiritual devotion. Over centuries, its sacred aura has been shaped by fascinating legends and the monastic life of devotion. Here are some key elements of its spiritual legacy:
- The Miraculous Icon of the Virgin Mary
According to legend, Sumela was founded after two Greek monks, Barnabas and Sophronios, discovered a miraculous icon of the Virgin Mary in a cave on the Black Mountains. Believed to be painted by Saint Luke, the icon became the monastery’s most revered relic, drawing pilgrims from far and wide. - Sacred Water and Healing Powers
A spring located within the monastery is believed to have healing properties. Pilgrims would collect water from this holy source, seeking blessings and cures for ailments. This practice added to Sumela’s reputation as a place of miracles and faith. - Monastic Life and Spiritual Practices
Monks at Sumela lived an ascetic life, dedicating themselves to prayer, meditation, and community service. The monastery served as a sanctuary for those seeking solitude and spiritual growth, embodying the Orthodox tradition of devotion and humility. - The Legend of Saint Christopher
Another tale speaks of Saint Christopher, who is said to have played a role in restoring the monastery after it was raided. His connection to the monastery symbolizes resilience and divine protection, a theme woven into the fabric of Sumela’s history.
The legends and spiritual practices of Sumela Monastery not only shaped its significance as a religious center but also ensured its lasting place in the cultural and spiritual heritage of the region. Visiting Sumela is more than a journey through history—it’s a step into a realm of faith and mysticism.
Sumela Monastery’s Legacy: From Byzantine to Ottoman Eras
Sumela Monastery stands as a testament to centuries of history, flourishing under the Byzantine Empire and enduring through the Ottoman era. This iconic site remained a beacon of faith and culture, supported by emperors and sultans alike.
1. The Byzantine Era: A Golden Age of Growth
Sumela’s prominence peaked during the reign of the Komnenos Dynasty (11th–15th centuries). Under the Byzantine Empire, it became a religious and cultural center, supported by emperors like Alexios III (1349–1390).
- Alexios III’s Patronage:
Alexios III expanded the monastery, adding chapels, frescoes, and structural elements. His 1350 coronation at Sumela underscored its spiritual importance. - A Center for Learning:
The monastery housed rare manuscripts and fostered theological study, becoming a hub for Byzantine intellectual and religious life.
2. The Ottoman Era: Preservation and Expansion
Following the Ottoman conquest of Trabzon in 1461 by Mehmed the Conqueror, Sumela Monastery was not only preserved but elevated. Ottoman rulers valued its cultural and spiritual significance.
- Sultanic Decrees:
Mehmed II issued protections for the monastery and its monks, a policy continued by sultans like Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent, who contributed gifts such as ornate lamps and manuscripts. - 18th–19th Century Renovations:
Additions during this period included aqueducts, chapels, and detailed fresco restorations, solidifying Sumela’s status as a pilgrimage site.
Why Sumela Thrived Under Empires
Sumela’s strategic location and spiritual significance allowed it to bridge two great empires. Its preservation and growth under both Byzantine and Ottoman rule reflect its enduring importance as a religious, cultural, and architectural marvel. Today, Sumela Monastery continues to captivate visitors with its rich history and breathtaking beauty.
Sumela Monastery from the Population Exchange to Today
The history of Sumela Monastery took a dramatic turn during the 1923 Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey. With the departure of the Greek Orthodox community, the monastery was abandoned, setting the stage for decades of neglect and eventual restoration.
1. Abandonment After the Population Exchange (1923)
Following the Treaty of Lausanne, Greek Orthodox clergy and residents associated with Sumela Monastery were relocated to Greece. As they left, the monks hid or carried away precious relics, including:
- The Icon of the Virgin Mary, believed to have been painted by Saint Luke.
- A fragment of the Holy Cross, gifted by Emperor Manuel III.
- A handwritten Bible, attributed to Saint Christopher.
These treasures were later moved to the New Sumela Monastery (Nea Soumela) in Greece, built to replicate the original.
2. Decades of Neglect (1923–1972)
For decades, the abandoned monastery fell into disrepair.
- Looting and Damage:
The site became a target for treasure hunters, with many areas destroyed in the search for hidden relics. - Fires and Natural Wear:
A devastating fire in the 1930s destroyed most of the wooden structures, leaving only the stone framework intact.
Despite its deterioration, the monastery remained a significant cultural and spiritual symbol for locals, who continued to visit the site.
3. Restoration and Modern Revival (1972–Today)
In 1972, Sumela Monastery was officially declared a protected site by the Turkish government.
- Restoration Efforts:
Extensive efforts began to preserve the frescoes, chapels, and stone architecture. - Tourism Development:
By 1986, the monastery was opened to visitors, becoming one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Black Sea region. - Reopening for Worship:
In 2010, after nearly 90 years, an Orthodox service was held at Sumela, symbolizing its enduring spiritual significance.
From abandonment to revival, Sumela Monastery stands as a testament to the power of cultural preservation. Its history reflects the resilience of faith and heritage, continuing to captivate visitors with its mystical beauty and historical depth.
How to Get to Sumela Monastery?
A Symbol of Cultural Resilience
Sumela Monastery, perched on the steep cliffs of Altındere Valley in Turkey’s Black Sea region, is a must-visit historical site. Reaching this iconic landmark can be challenging due to its remote location and the winding mountain roads leading up to it. To ensure a comfortable and enriching experience, joining a guided tour is highly recommended.
Group Tours:
- Sumela Monastery, Zigana, and Hamsikoy Village Tour: This comprehensive tour offers a visit to Sumela Monastery, the scenic Zigana Pass, and the charming Hamsikoy Village, renowned for its traditional rice pudding. It’s an excellent way to experience the cultural and natural beauty of the region.
- Sumela Monastery, Hamsikoy, and Karaca Cave Group Tour: This tour combines the historical allure of Sumela Monastery with the natural wonders of Karaca Cave and the picturesque Hamsikoy Village, providing a diverse and enriching experience.
- Sumela Monastery and Trabzon City Tour: Explore the historic Sumela Monastery and then delve into the rich cultural heritage of Trabzon city, visiting its notable landmarks and experiencing local life.
Private Tours:
- Sumela Monastery and Trabzon City Private Tour: Enjoy a personalized experience visiting Sumela Monastery followed by a tailored exploration of Trabzon’s highlights, catering to your interests and pace.
- Sumela Monastery Private Tour: This exclusive tour focuses solely on Sumela Monastery, allowing ample time to immerse yourself in its history and breathtaking surroundings.
- Sumela, Hamsikoy Village, and Karaca Cave Private Tour: Experience the best of the region with a private visit to Sumela Monastery, the serene Hamsikoy Village, and the fascinating Karaca Cave, all at your own pace.
- Sumela Monastery, Zigana Pass, and Hamsikoy Daily Private Tour: This tour offers a personalized journey through Sumela Monastery, the scenic Zigana Pass, and the traditional Hamsikoy Village, ensuring a memorable day trip.
By joining these tours, you can easily reach Sumela Monastery, explore the region with expert guides, and enjoy well-crafted itineraries that allow you to fully appreciate the unique beauty and history of this remarkable site.
